Vol. 13, Issue 5 (2025)

Sodium-Ion Batteries (SIBs) are rapidly emerging as a competitive and sustainable alternative to conventional lithium-ion systems, owing to their reliance on abundant and cost-effective sodium resources. This paper reviews the fundamental principles, key components, and technological advancements in sodium-ion battery research, with a focus on their role in shaping sustainable energy storage solutions. It highlights the evolution of SIBs from early developments to recent breakthroughs in anode, cathode, and electrolyte design that have improved energy density, cycle life, and safety. Furthermore, the paper examines the environmental and economic implications of adopting sodium-ion technology, emphasizing reduced dependence on critical raw materials, improved supply chain security, and potential scalability for large-scale applications such as renewable grid integration and stationary storage. Despite existing challenges in energy density and recycling infrastructure, the socio-economic and ecological benefits position sodium-ion batteries as a key enabler in the global transition toward cleaner, more resilient, and resource-efficient energy systems.